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But that’s not the case with modern SSDs, they are very fast and last very long. Even cheap models are usually rather strong. But why? The credit goes to SSD controllers: SSDs contain very smart and powerful controllers, usually with at least 4 cores and 1-2 GHz clock frequency, which means they’re as powerful as mobile phones' processors. All that power is required to make FTL firmware run smoothly. FTL stands for «Flash Translation Layer» and it is the firmware responsible for translating addresses of small blocks into physical addresses on flash memory chips. Every write request is always put into the space freed in advance, and FTL just remembers the new physical location of the data. This makes writes very fast. FTL also defragments free space and moves blocks around to achieve uniform wear across all memory cells. This feature is called Wear Leveling. SSDs also usually have some extra physical space reserved to add even more endurance and to make wear leveling easier; this is called overprovisioning. Pricier server SSDs have a lot of space overprovisioned, for example, Micron 5100 Max has extra 60 % of the user capacity on top of it.

Дополнение: когда я попытался кого-то в списке рассылки полечить на тему, что «все SSD делают fsync», мне в ответ кинули статью: https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast13/fast13-final80.pdf. В общем, суть статьи в том, что в 2013 году нормой было то, что SSD вообще не сбрасывали метаданные на диск при fsync, и при отключении питания это приводило к разным весёлым вещам вплоть до (!!!) полного отказа SSD.